complete HTML notes for all beginners students.
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so everything is all right today welcome all of the beginner's students to our blogging world.
Today we provide complete HTML notes for you.1. HTML – OVERVIEW .............................................................................................................. 1
Basic HTML Document ............................................................................................................................1
HTML Tags...............................................................................................................................................2
HTML Document Structure......................................................................................................................3
The <!DOCTYPE> Declaration ..................................................................................................................3
2. HTML – BASIC TAGS ............................................................................................................. 4
Heading Tags...........................................................................................................................................4
Paragraph Tag .........................................................................................................................................5
Line Break Tag.........................................................................................................................................5
Centering Content...................................................................................................................................6
Horizontal Lines ......................................................................................................................................6
Preserve Formatting................................................................................................................................7
Nonbreaking Spaces................................................................................................................................8
3. HTML – ELEMENTS .............................................................................................................. 9
HTML Tag vs. Element.............................................................................................................................9
Nested HTML Elements...........................................................................................................................9
4. HTML – ATTRIBUTES .......................................................................................................... 11
Core Attributes......................................................................................................................................12
Internationalization Attributes..............................................................................................................13
The xml:lang Attribute ..........................................................................................................................15
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5. HTML – FORMATTING ....................................................................................................... 17
Bold Text...............................................................................................................................................17
Italic Text ..............................................................................................................................................17
Underlined Text ....................................................................................................................................18
Strike Text.............................................................................................................................................18
Monospaced Font .................................................................................................................................19
Superscript Text ....................................................................................................................................19
Subscript Text .......................................................................................................................................20
Inserted Text.........................................................................................................................................20
Deleted Text..........................................................................................................................................21
Larger Text ............................................................................................................................................21
Smaller Text ..........................................................................................................................................22
Grouping Content..................................................................................................................................22
6. HTML – PHRASE TAGS ....................................................................................................... 24
Emphasized Text ...................................................................................................................................24
Marked Text..........................................................................................................................................24
Strong Text............................................................................................................................................25
Text Abbreviation .................................................................................................................................25
Acronym Element..................................................................................................................................26
Text Direction........................................................................................................................................26
Special Terms........................................................................................................................................27
Quoting Text .........................................................................................................................................27
Short Quotations...................................................................................................................................28
Text Citations........................................................................................................................................28
Computer Code .....................................................................................................................................29
Keyboard Text.......................................................................................................................................29
Programming Variables.........................................................................................................................30
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Program Output....................................................................................................................................30
Address Text .........................................................................................................................................31
7. HTML – META TAGS .......................................................................................................... 32
Adding Meta Tags to Your Documents ..................................................................................................32
Specifying Keywords .............................................................................................................................32
Document Description ..........................................................................................................................33
Document Revision Date.......................................................................................................................33
Document Refreshing............................................................................................................................34
Page Redirection ...................................................................................................................................35
Setting Cookies......................................................................................................................................35
Setting Author Name ............................................................................................................................36
Specify Character Set ............................................................................................................................36
8. HTML – COMMENTS .......................................................................................................... 38
Valid vs Invalid Comments ....................................................................................................................38
Multiline Comments..............................................................................................................................39
Conditional Comments..........................................................................................................................40
Using Comment Tag ..............................................................................................................................40
Commenting Script Code.......................................................................................................................41
Commenting Style Sheets......................................................................................................................41
9. HTML – IMAGES ................................................................................................................ 43
Insert Image ..........................................................................................................................................43
Set Image Location................................................................................................................................44
Set Image Width/Height........................................................................................................................44
Set Image Border...................................................................................................................................45
Set Image Alignment.............................................................................................................................46
Free Web Graphics................................................................................................................................46
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10. HTML – TABLES ................................................................................................................. 47
Table Heading .......................................................................................................................................48
Cellpadding and Cellspacing Attributes.................................................................................................49
Colspan and Rowspan Attributes ..........................................................................................................50
Tables Backgrounds...............................................................................................................................50
Table Height and Width ........................................................................................................................52
Table Caption ........................................................................................................................................53
Table Header, Body, and Footer............................................................................................................54
Nested Tables........................................................................................................................................55
11. HTML – LISTS ..................................................................................................................... 57
HTML Unordered Lists...........................................................................................................................57
The type Attribute.................................................................................................................................58
HTML Ordered Lists...............................................................................................................................60
The type Attribute.................................................................................................................................60
The start Attribute ................................................................................................................................64
HTML Definition Lists ............................................................................................................................64
12. HTML – TEXT LINKS ............................................................................................................ 66
Linking Documents................................................................................................................................66
The target Attribute ..............................................................................................................................66
Use of Base Path ...................................................................................................................................67
Linking to a Page Section.......................................................................................................................68
Setting Link Colors.................................................................................................................................69
Download Links.....................................................................................................................................69
File Download Dialog Box......................................................................................................................70
13. HTML – IMAGE LINKS ........................................................................................................ 71
Mouse-Sensitive Images........................................................................................................................71
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Server-Side Image Maps........................................................................................................................72
Client-Side Image Maps.........................................................................................................................73
Coordinate System................................................................................................................................74
14. HTML – EMAIL LINKS ......................................................................................................... 75
HTML Email Tag.....................................................................................................................................75
Default Settings.....................................................................................................................................75
15. HTML – FRAMES ................................................................................................................ 76
Disadvantages of Frames ......................................................................................................................76
Creating Frames....................................................................................................................................76
The <frameset> Tag Attributes..............................................................................................................78
The <frame> Tag Attributes...................................................................................................................79
Browser Support for Frames .................................................................................................................80
Frame's name and target attributes......................................................................................................80
16. HTML – IFRAMES ............................................................................................................... 83
The <Iframe> Tag Attributes..................................................................................................................84
17. HTML – BLOCKS ................................................................................................................. 85
Block Elements......................................................................................................................................85
Inline Elements .....................................................................................................................................85
Grouping HTML Elements......................................................................................................................85
The <div> tag.........................................................................................................................................85
The <span> tag ......................................................................................................................................87
18. HTML – BACKGROUNDS .................................................................................................... 88
Html Background with Colors................................................................................................................88
Html Background with Images ..............................................................................................................89
Patterned & Transparent Backgrounds .................................................................................................90
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19. HTML – COLORS ................................................................................................................ 92
HTML Color Coding Methods.................................................................................................................92
HTML Colors - Color Names...................................................................................................................92
W3C Standard 16 Colors........................................................................................................................93
HTML Colors - Hex Codes.......................................................................................................................93
HTML Colors - RGB Values.....................................................................................................................95
Browser Safe Colors ..............................................................................................................................96
20. HTML – FONTS .................................................................................................................. 99
Set Font Size..........................................................................................................................................99
Relative Font Size ................................................................................................................................100
Setting Font Face.................................................................................................................................101
Specify alternate font faces.................................................................................................................101
Setting Font Color ...............................................................................................................................102
The <basefont> Element: ....................................................................................................................102
Example of the <basefont> Element....................................................................................................103
21. HTML – FORMS ............................................................................................................... 104
Form Attributes...................................................................................................................................104
HTML Form Controls ...........................................................................................................................105
Text Input Controls..............................................................................................................................105
Single-line text input controls .............................................................................................................105
Attributes............................................................................................................................................106
Password Input controls......................................................................................................................106
Attributes............................................................................................................................................107
Multiple-Line Text Input Controls........................................................................................................107
Attributes............................................................................................................................................108
Checkbox Control................................................................................................................................109
Attributes............................................................................................................................................109
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Radio Button Control ..........................................................................................................................110
Select Box Control...............................................................................................................................111
Attributes............................................................................................................................................111
File Upload Box ...................................................................................................................................112
Button Controls...................................................................................................................................113
Hidden Form Controls.........................................................................................................................114
22. HTML – EMBED MULTIMEDIA ......................................................................................... 115
The <embed> Tag Attributes...............................................................................................................116
Supported Video Types.......................................................................................................................116
Background Audio...............................................................................................................................117
HTML Object tag .................................................................................................................................118
23. HTML – MARQUEES ......................................................................................................... 120
The <marquee> Tag Attributes............................................................................................................120
24. HTML – HEADER .............................................................................................................. 123
The HTML <title> Tag ..........................................................................................................................123
The HTML <meta> Tag.........................................................................................................................124
The HTML <base> Tag..........................................................................................................................125
The HTML <link> Tag ...........................................................................................................................125
The HTML <style> Tag .........................................................................................................................126
The HTML <script> Tag ........................................................................................................................127
25. HTML – STYLE SHEET ....................................................................................................... 128
External Style Sheet ............................................................................................................................129
Internal Style Sheet.............................................................................................................................130
Inline Style Sheet ................................................................................................................................131
26. HTML JAVASCRIPT ........................................................................................................... 133
External JavaScript..............................................................................................................................133
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Internal Script .....................................................................................................................................134
Event Handlers....................................................................................................................................135
Hide Scripts from Older Browsers .......................................................................................................135
The <noscript> Element.......................................................................................................................136
Default Scripting Language..................................................................................................................136
27. HTML – LAYOUTS ............................................................................................................. 138
HTML Layout - Using Tables ................................................................................................................138
Multiple Columns Layout - Using Tables..............................................................................................139
HTML Layouts - Using DIV, SPAN.........................................................................................................141
28. HTML – TAG REFERENCE ................................................................................................. 143
HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag ...................................................................................................150
Browser Support.................................................................................................................................151
HTML <doctype> Tag...........................................................................................................................151
HTML <a> Tag......................................................................................................................................153
Global Attributes.................................................................................................................................153
Specific Attributes...............................................................................................................................153
Event Attributes..................................................................................................................................155
HTML <abbr> Tag ................................................................................................................................156
HTML <acronym> Tag..........................................................................................................................157
HTML <address> Tag ...........................................................................................................................158
HTML <applet> Tag .............................................................................................................................159
HTML <area> Tag.................................................................................................................................161
HTML <article> Tag..............................................................................................................................164
Global Attributes.................................................................................................................................165
Event Attributes..................................................................................................................................165
Browser Support.................................................................................................................................165
HTML <aside> Tag ...............................................................................................................................165
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Description..........................................................................................................................................165
HTML <audio> Tag...............................................................................................................................166
HTML <b> Tag .....................................................................................................................................167
HTML <base> Tag ................................................................................................................................168
HTML <basefont> Tag..........................................................................................................................169
HTML <bdo> Tag .................................................................................................................................171
HTML <bdi> Tag...................................................................................................................................172
HTML <bgsound> Tag ..........................................................................................................................173
HTML <big> Tag...................................................................................................................................174
HTML blink Tag....................................................................................................................................175
HTML <blockquote> Tag......................................................................................................................176
HTML <body> Tag................................................................................................................................177
HTML <br> Tag ....................................................................................................................................178
HTML Button Tag ................................................................................................................................179
HTML <canvas> Tag.............................................................................................................................181
HTML <caption> Tag............................................................................................................................182
HTML <center> Tag .............................................................................................................................184
HTML <cite> Tag..................................................................................................................................184
HTML <code> Tag ................................................................................................................................185
HTML <col> Tag ...................................................................................................................................186
HTML colgroup Tag .............................................................................................................................188
HTML <comment> and <!--....--> Tag ...................................................................................................190
HTML <datalist> Tag............................................................................................................................191
HTML <dd> Tag ...................................................................................................................................192
HTML <del> Tag...................................................................................................................................193
HTML <dfn> Tag ..................................................................................................................................194
HTML <dialog> tag ..............................................................................................................................195
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HTML <dir> Tag ...................................................................................................................................196
HTML div Tag.......................................................................................................................................198
HTML <dl> Tag.....................................................................................................................................199
HTML <dt> Tag ....................................................................................................................................201
HTML <em> Tag...................................................................................................................................202
HTML <embed> Tag.............................................................................................................................203
HTML <fieldset> Tag............................................................................................................................204
HTML Figcaption Tag ...........................................................................................................................206
HTML Figure Tag..................................................................................................................................207
HTML <font> Tag.................................................................................................................................208
HTML Footer Tag.................................................................................................................................209
HTML <form> Tag................................................................................................................................210
HTML <frame> Tag ..............................................................................................................................212
HTML <frameset> Tag .........................................................................................................................214
HTML <h1> to <h6> Tag.......................................................................................................................216
HTML <head> Tag................................................................................................................................217
HTML Header Tag................................................................................................................................218
HTML <hr> Tag ....................................................................................................................................219
HTML <html> Tag ................................................................................................................................220
HTML <i> Tag.......................................................................................................................................221
HTML <iframe> Tag .............................................................................................................................222
HTML <ilayer> Tag...............................................................................................................................224
HTML <img> Tag..................................................................................................................................227
HTML <input> Tag ...............................................................................................................................229
HTML <ins> Tag ...................................................................................................................................233
HTML <isindex> tag .............................................................................................................................235
HTML <kbd> Tag..................................................................................................................................236
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HTML keygen Tag ................................................................................................................................236
HTML <label> Tag................................................................................................................................238
HTML <layer> Tag................................................................................................................................239
HTML <legend> Tag.............................................................................................................................242
HTML <li>Tag ......................................................................................................................................243
HTML <link> Tag..................................................................................................................................245
HTML Main Tag ...................................................................................................................................248
HTML <map> Tag.................................................................................................................................249
HTML Mark Tag ...................................................................................................................................250
HTML <marquee> Tag .........................................................................................................................251
HTML <menu> Tag ..............................................................................................................................253
HTML <menuitem> tag........................................................................................................................254
HTML <meta> tag................................................................................................................................256
HTML <meter> Tag ..............................................................................................................................257
HTML <multicol> tag ...........................................................................................................................259
HTML <nav> Tag..................................................................................................................................260
HTML <nobr> Tag ................................................................................................................................261
HTML <noembed> Tag ........................................................................................................................262
HTML <noframes> Tag.........................................................................................................................263
HTML <noscript> Tag...........................................................................................................................264
HTML <object> Tag..............................................................................................................................265
HTML <ol> Tag.....................................................................................................................................267
HTML <optgroup> Tag.........................................................................................................................269
HTML <option> Tag .............................................................................................................................270
HTML <output> Tag.............................................................................................................................272
HTML <p> Tag .....................................................................................................................................273
HTML <param> Tag .............................................................................................................................274
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HTML <plaintext> Tag .........................................................................................................................276
HTML <pre> Tag ..................................................................................................................................276
HTML Progress Tag..............................................................................................................................278
HTML <q> Tag .....................................................................................................................................279
HTML Rp Tag .......................................................................................................................................280
HTML Rt Tag........................................................................................................................................281
HTML Ruby Tag ...................................................................................................................................282
HTML <strike> Tag...............................................................................................................................283
HTML Phrase Elements........................................................................................................................284
HTML <script> Tag...............................................................................................................................286
HTML Section Tag................................................................................................................................288
HTML <select> Tag ..............................................................................................................................289
HTML <spacer> Tag .............................................................................................................................291
HTML <small> Tag ...............................................................................................................................292
HTML <source> tag..............................................................................................................................293
HTML <span> Tag ................................................................................................................................294
HTML <strike> Tag...............................................................................................................................295
HTML <strong> tag ..............................................................................................................................296
HTML <style> tag.................................................................................................................................297
HTML <sub> Tag ..................................................................................................................................298
HTML Summary Tag ............................................................................................................................299
HTML <sup> Tag..................................................................................................................................300
HTML <table> Tag ...............................................................................................................................301
HTML <tbody> Tag ..............................................................................................................................303
HTML <td> Tag ....................................................................................................................................306
HTML textarea Tag ..............................................................................................................................309
HTML <tfoot> Tag................................................................................................................................311
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HTML <th> Tag ....................................................................................................................................314
HTML <thead> Tag ..............................................................................................................................316
HTML <time> tag.................................................................................................................................319
HTML <title> Tag .................................................................................................................................320
HTML <tr> Tag.....................................................................................................................................321
HTML <track> tag ................................................................................................................................323
HTML <tt> Tag.....................................................................................................................................324
HTML <u> Tag .....................................................................................................................................325
HTML <ul> Tag.....................................................................................................................................326
HTML <var> Tag ..................................................................................................................................328
HTML <video> Tag...............................................................................................................................328
HTML <wbr> Tag .................................................................................................................................330
HTML <xmp> Tag.................................................................................................................................331
29. HTML – ATTRIBUTE REFERENCE ...................................................................................... 333
Global Attributes.................................................................................................................................333
Language Attributes............................................................................................................................334
30. HTML EVENTS REFERENCE .............................................................................................. 335
Window Events Attributes ..................................................................................................................335
Form Events........................................................................................................................................336
Keyboard Events .................................................................................................................................337
Mouse Events......................................................................................................................................337
Media Events ......................................................................................................................................338
31. HTML – FONTS REFERENCE ............................................................................................. 341
Fonts for Microsoft Systems................................................................................................................342
Fonts for Macintosh Systems ..............................................................................................................343
Fonts for Unix Systems........................................................................................................................344
HTML
HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language, and it is the most widely used language to
write Web Pages.
Hypertext refers to the way in which Web pages (HTML documents) are linked
together. Thus, the link available on a webpage is called Hypertext.
As its name suggests, HTML is a Markup Language which means you use HTML to
simply "mark-up" a text document with tags that tell a Web browser how to structure
it to display.
Originally, HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like
headings, paragraphs, lists, and so forth to facilitate the sharing of scientific information
between researchers.
Now, HTML is being widely used to format web pages with the help of different tags available
in HTML language.
Basic HTML Document
In its simplest form, following is an example of an HTML document:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>This is document title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is a heading</h1>
<p>Document content goes here.....</p>
</body>
</html>
Either you can use Try it option available at the top right corner of the code box to check the
result of this HTML code, or let's save it in an HTML file test.htm using your favorite text
editor. Finally open it using a web browser like Internet Explorer or Google Chrome, or Firefox
etc. It must show the following output:
1. HTML – OVERVIEW
HTML
17
HTML Tags
As told earlier, HTML is a markup language and makes use of various tags to format the
content. These tags are enclosed within angle braces <Tag Name>. Except few tags, most
of the tags have their corresponding closing tags. For example, <html> has its closing
tag</html> and <body> tag has its closing tag </body> tag etc.
Above example of HTML document uses the following tags:
Tag Description
<!DOCTYPE...> This tag defines the document type and HTML version.
<html>
This tag encloses the complete HTML document and mainly comprises
of document header which is represented by <head>...</head> and
document body which is represented by <body>...</body> tags.
<head> This tag represents the document's header which can keep other HTML
tags like <title>, <link> etc.
<title> The <title> tag is used inside the <head> tag to mention the
document title.
<body> This tag represents the document's body which keeps other HTML tags
like <h1>, <div>, <p> etc.
<h1> This tag represents the heading.
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18 2. HTML – BASIC TAGS
Heading Tags Any document starts with a heading. You can use different sizes for your headings. HTML also has six levels of headings, which use the elements
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Heading Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>This is heading 1</h1>
<h2>This is heading 2</h2>
<h3>This is heading 3</h3>
<h4>This is heading 4</h4>
<h5>This is heading 5</h5>
<h6>This is heading 6</h6>
</body>
</html>
This is heading 1
This is heading 2
This is heading 3
This is heading 4
This is heading 5
This is heading 6
. While displaying any heading, browser adds one line before and one line after that heading. Example
Paragraph Tag
The <p> tag offers a way to structure your text into different paragraphs. Each paragraph of
text should go in between an opening <p> and a closing </p> tag as shown below in the
example:
Example
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Paragraph Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Here is a first paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a second paragraph of text.</p>
<p>Here is a third paragraph of text.</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Here is a first paragraph of text.
Here is a second paragraph of text.
Here is a third paragraph of text.
Line Break Tag
Whenever you use the
element, anything following it starts from the next line. This
tag is an example of an empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as
there is nothing to go in between them.
The
tag has a space between the characters br and the forward slash. If you omit this
space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the line break, while if you miss the forward
slash character and just use
it is not valid in XHTML.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>Line Break Example</title>
</head>
<body>
<p>Hello<br />
You delivered your assignment on time.<br />
Thanks<br />
Mahnaz</p>
</body>
</html>
This will produce the following result:
Hello
You delivered your assignment on time.
Thanks
Rajeev roy
Centering Content
You can use tag to put any content in the center of the page or any table cell <title>Centring Content Example</title> </head> <body> <p>This text is not in the center.</p> <center> <p>This text is in the center.</p> </center> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: This text is not in the center. This text is in the center. Horizontal Lines Horizontal lines are used to visually break-up sections of a document. The <hr> tag creates a line from the current position in the document to the right margin and breaks the line accordingly. For example, you may want to give a line between two paragraphs as in the given example below: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Horizontal Line Example</title> </head> <body> <p>This is paragraph one and should be on top</p> <hr /> <p>This is paragraph two and should be at bottom</p> </body> </html> HTML 23 This will produce the following result: This is paragraph one and should be on top This is paragraph two and should be at bottom Again <hr /> tag is an example of the empty element, where you do not need opening and closing tags, as there is nothing to go in between them. The <hr /> element has a space between the characters hr and the forward slash. If you omit this space, older browsers will have trouble rendering the horizontal line, while if you miss the forward slash character and just use <hr> it is not valid in XHTML Preserve Formatting Sometimes, you want your text to follow the exact format of how it is written in the HTML document. In these cases, you can use the preformatted tag <pre>. Any text between the opening <pre> tag and the closing </pre> tag will preserve the formatting of the source document. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Preserve Formatting Example</title> </head> <body> <pre> function testFunction( strText ){ alert (strText) } </pre> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: function testFunction( strText ){ HTML 24 alert (strText) } Try using the same code without keeping it inside <pre>...</pre> tags Nonbreaking Spaces Suppose you want to use the phrase "12 Angry Men." Here, you would not want a browser to split the "12, Angry" and "Men" across two lines: An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men." In cases, where you do not want the client browser to break text, you should use a nonbreaking space entity instead of a normal space. For example, when coding the "12 Angry Men" in a paragraph, you should use something similar to the following code: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Nonbreaking Spaces Example</title> </head> <body> <p>An example of this technique appears in the movie "12 Angry Men."</p> </body> </html> HTML 25 An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag, where the element name is preceded by a forward slash as shown below with few tags: Start Tag Content End Tag <p> This is paragraph content. </p> <h1> This is heading content. </h1> <div> This is division content. </div> <br /> So here <p>....</p> is an HTML element, <h1>...</h1> is another HTML element. There are some HTML elements which don't need to be closed, such as <img.../>, <hr /> and <br /> elements. These are known as void elements. HTML documents consists of a tree of these elements and they specify how HTML documents should be built, and what kind of content should be placed in what part of an HTML document. HTML Tag vs. Element An HTML element is defined by a starting tag. If the element contains other content, it ends with a closing tag. For example, <p> is starting tag of a paragraph and </p> is closing tag of the same paragraph but <p>This is paragraph</p> is a paragraph element. Nested HTML Elements It is very much allowed to keep one HTML element inside another HTML element: Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Nested Elements Example</title> </head> <body> <h1>This is <i>italic</i> heading</h1> <p>This is <u>underlined</u> paragraph</p> </body> </html> This will display the following result: This is italic heading This is underlined paragraph HTML 27 We have seen few HTML tags and their usage like heading tags <h1>, <h2>, paragraph tag <p> and other tags. We used them so far in their simplest form, but most of the HTML tags can also have attributes, which are extra bits of information. An attribute is used to define the characteristics of an HTML element and is placed inside the element's opening tag. All attributes are made up of two parts: a name and a value: The name is the property you want to set. For example, the paragraph <p> element in the example carries an attribute whose name is align, which you can use to indicate the alignment of paragraph on the page. The value is what you want the value of the property to be set and always put within quotations. The below example shows three possible values of align attribute: left, center and right. Attribute names and attribute values are case-insensitive. However, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) recommends lowercase attributes/attribute values in their HTML 4 recommendation. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>Align Attribute Example</title> </head> <body> <p align="left">This is left aligned</p> <p align="center">This is center aligned</p> <p align="right">This is right aligned</p> </body> </html> This will display the following result: This is left aligned This is center aligned 4. HTML – ATTRIBUTES HTML 28 This is right aligned Core Attributes The four core attributes that can be used on the majority of HTML elements (although not all) are: Id Title Class Style The Id Attribute The id attribute of an HTML tag can be used to uniquely identify any element within an HTML page. There are two primary reasons that you might want to use an id attribute on an element: If an element carries an id attribute as a unique identifier, it is possible to identify just that element and its content. If you have two elements of the same name within a Web page (or style sheet), you can use the id attribute to distinguish between elements that have the same name. We will discuss style sheet in separate tutorial. For now, let's use the id attribute to distinguish between two paragraph elements as shown below. Example <p id="html">This para explains what is HTML</p> <p id="css">This para explains what is Cascading Style Sheet</p> The title Attribute The title attribute gives a suggested title for the element. They syntax for the title attribute is similar as explained for id attribute: The behavior of this attribute will depend upon the element that carries it, although it is often displayed as a tooltip when cursor comes over the element or while the element is loading. Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> HTML <title>The title Attribute Example</title> </head> <body> <h3 title="Hello HTML!">Titled Heading Tag Example</h3> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: Titled Heading Tag Example Now try to bring your cursor over "Titled Heading Tag Example" and you will see that whatever title you used in your code is coming out as a tooltip of the cursor. The class Attribute The class attribute is used to associate an element with a style sheet, and specifies the class of element. You will learn more about the use of the class attribute when you will learn Cascading Style Sheet (CSS). So for now you can avoid it. The value of the attribute may also be a space-separated list of class names. For example: class="className1 className2 className3" The style Attribute The style attribute allows you to specify Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) rules within the element. <!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <title>The style Attribute</title> </head> <body> <p style="font-family:arial; color:#FF0000;">Some text...</p> </body> </html> This will produce the following result: HTML 30 Some text... At this point of time, we are not learning CSS, so just let's proceed without bothering much about CSS. Here, you need to understand what are HTML attributes and how they can be used while formatting content. Internationalization Attributes There are three internationalization attributes, which are available for most (although not all) XHTML elements. dir lang xml:lang The dir Attribute The dir attribute allows you to indicate to the browser about the direction in which the text should flow. The dir attribute can take one of two values, as you can see in the table that follows: Value Meaning ltr Left to right (the default value) rtl Right to left (for languages such as Hebrew or Arabic that are read right to left) Example <!DOCTYPE html> <html dir="rtl"> <head> <title>Display Directions</title> </head> <body> This is how IE 5 renders right-to-left directed text. </body> </html> The lang AttributeThe lang attribute allows you to indicate the main language used in a document, but thisattribute was kept in HTML only for backwards compatibility with earlier versions of HTML.This attribute has been replaced by the xml:lang attribute in new XHTML documents.The values of the lang attribute are ISO-639 standard two-character language codes. CheckHTML Language Codes: ISO 639 for a complete list of language codes.Example<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en"><head><title>English Language Page</title></head><body>This page is using English Language</body></html>The xml:lang AttributeThe xml:lang attribute is the XHTML replacement for the lang attribute. The value ofthexml:lang attribute should be an ISO-639 country code as mentioned in previous section.Generic AttributesHere's a table of some other attributes that are readily usable with many of the HTML tags.
Attribute Options Function align right, left, center Horizontally aligns tags 
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